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The objective of this research was to evaluate the resistance induction response by inoculating endophytic bacteria against R. The management of these pathogens is mainly with the use of chemical compounds, all of which contribute to environmental pollution, are harmful to humans, phytopathogens develop resistance and increase production costs. ABSTRACT Various diseases affect the bean crop, notably the wilt caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp. Palabras clave: proteínas, peroxidasa, fenilalanina amonio liasa, marchitez del frijol. Los resultados evidenciaron que los microorganismos endofíticos promueven los mecanismos de defensa en frijol, pudiendo propiciar resistencia contra F. Se utilizaron plantas de frijol de 45 días de edad para determinar la concentración de pro-teínas (PR) y la actividad de peroxidasa (POD), fenilalanina amonio liasa (PAL) a las 6, 12, y 24 h después de la inocula-ción de los consorcios. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la respuesta de inducción de resistencia mediante la inoculación de bacterias endófitas contra R. El manejo de estos patógenos principalmente se realiza mediante el uso de compuestos químicos los cuales contaminan el ambiente, son tóxicos para el humano, desarrollan resistencia en los fitopatógenos y además aumentan los costos de producción. The polymorphism mutations of CiPALs will be useful for genetic study in this plant.Įl cultivo del frijol es afectado por diversas enferme-dades en las que destaca la marchitez causada por Rhizoc-tonia solani y Fusarium spp. Therefore, the two CiPALs might play crucial roles in the abiotic stress response and phenolic biosynthesis in pecan. Finally, the genetic polymorphisms of CiPAL4 and CiPAL5 were evaluated using seven pecan cultivars, and 13 and 14 mutations were observed in CiPAL4 and CiPAL5, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that they clustered together with JrPA元 and JrPAL. Homology analysis suggested that CiPAL4 and CiPAL5 shared identity values of 89.97% with each other and showed 89.70% and 79.12% identity with AtPAL1, respectively. Then, the full-length cDNAs of them were cloned. CiPALs were differentially expressed during kernel maturation, female flower development, graft union generation and drought stress tolerance, in which CiPAL4 and CiPAL5 exhibited higher expression levels than other genes. These two genes were widely expressed in different tissues. Abscisic acid-responsive elements and MeJA-responsive elements were abundant in CiPAL4 and CiPAL5. Different types of cis-elements were identified in the promoter regions of seven CiPALs. The open reading frames of CiPAL1∼5 were interrupted by a single intron, while no introns existed in other CiPALs.
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All of them had predicted locations in the cytoplasm. In total, seven CiPALs were obtained, and their amino acid lengths ranged from 615 to 760. In the present study, genome-wide CiPALs were identified and characterized, and their expression profiles were evaluated using transcriptome data.
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Nevertheless, knowledge about PALs in pecan has not been fully determined. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first committed enzyme in the phenylpropane metabolic pathway, is involved in phenolic metabolism, and plays crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms of phenolic biosynthesis in this plant have not been elucidated. Pecans have high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids and are an important source of natural polyphenols. Our study reports the functional significance of rice PAL genes involved in adaptation to low Pi growth conditions and provides useful information to improve Pi use efficiency in crop plant.
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Expression patterns of the nine rice PAL genes under Pi starvation were further confirmed by qPCR, indicating that the function of PAL genes is strongly associated with Pi starvation response in rice. We identified nine genes that were remarkably up-regulated during long-term phosphate (Pi) starvation and recovery processes through RNA-Seq data analysis. To identify the biological functions of individual rice PAL genes, we performed meta-expression profiling analysis based on phylogenomics of rice PAL genes and confirmed the expression patterns using Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This study aims to find out the global feature of rice PAL genes associated with phosphate use efficiency. Although its role is well-established in various plants, the functional significance of PAL genes in rice remains poorly understood.
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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) via deamination of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, a precursor for the lignin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways.